    Welcome to DoctorX’s Barcelona lab, where the drugs you bought online are
    tested for safety and purity. No questions asked.

   Standing at a table in a chemistry lab in Barcelona, Cristina Gil
   Lladanosa tears open a silver, smell-proof protective envelope. She slides
   out a transparent bag full of crystals. Around her, machines whir and hum,
   and other researchers mill around in long, white coats.

   She is holding the lab’s latest delivery of a drug bought from the “deep
   web,” the clandestine corner of the internet that isn’t reachable by
   normal search engines, and is home to some sites that require special
   software to access. Labeled as MDMA (the street term is ecstasy), this
   sample has been shipped from Canada. Lladanosa and her colleague Iván
   Fornís Espinosa have also received drugs, anonymously, from people in
   China, Australia, Europe and the United States.

   “Here we have speed, MDMA, cocaine, pills,” Lladanosa says, pointing to
   vials full of red, green, blue and clear solutions sitting in labeled
   boxes.

   Cristina Gil Lladanosa, at the Barcelona testing lab | photo by Joan
   Bardeletti

   Since 2011, with the launch of Silk Road, anybody has been able to safely
   buy illegal drugs from the deep web and have them delivered to their door.
   Though the FBI shut down that black market in October 2013, other outlets
   have emerged to fill its role. For the last 10 months the lab at which
   Lladanosa and Espinosa work has offered a paid testing service of those
   drugs. By sending in samples for analysis, users can know exactly what it
   is they are buying, and make a more informed decision about whether to
   ingest the substance. The group, called Energy Control, which has being
   running “harm reduction” programs since 1999, is the first to run a
   testing service explicitly geared towards verifying those purchases from
   the deep web.

   Before joining Energy Control, Lladanosa briefly worked at a pharmacy,
   whereas Espinosa spent 14 years doing drug analysis. Working at Energy
   Control is “more gratifying,” and “rewarding” than her previous jobs,
   Lladanosa told me. They also receive help from a group of volunteers, made
   up of a mixture of “squatters,” as Espinosa put it, and medical students,
   who prepare the samples for testing.

   After weighing out the crystals, aggressively mixing it with methanol
   until dissolved, and delicately pouring the liquid into a tiny brown
   bottle, Lladanosa, a petite woman who is nearly engulfed by her lab coat,
   is now ready to test the sample. She loads a series of three trays on top
   of a large white appliance sitting on a table, called a gas chromatograph
   (GC). A jungle of thick pipes hang from the lab’s ceiling behind it.

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   “Chromatography separates all the substances,” Lladanosa says as she loads
   the machine with an array of drugs sent from the deep web and local
   Spanish users. It can tell whether a sample is pure or contaminated, and
   if the latter, with what.

   Rushes of hot air blow across the desk as the gas chromatograph blasts the
   sample at 280 degrees Celsius. Thirty minutes later the machine’s robotic
   arm automatically moves over to grip another bottle. The machine will
   continue cranking through the 150 samples in the trays for most of the
   work week.

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   To get the drugs to Barcelona, a user mails at least 10 milligrams of a
   substance to the offices of the Asociación Bienestar y Desarrollo, the
   non-government organization that oversees Energy Control. The sample then
   gets delivered to the testing service’s laboratory, at the Barcelona
   Biomedical Research Park, a futuristic, seven story building sitting
   metres away from the beach. Energy Control borrows its lab space from a
   biomedical research group for free.

   The tests cost 50 Euro per sample. Users pay, not surprisingly, with
   Bitcoin. In the post announcing Energy Control’s service on the deep web,
   the group promised that “All profits of this service are set aside of
   maintenance of this project.”

   About a week after testing, those results are sent in a PDF to an email
   address provided by the anonymous client.

   “The process is quite boring, because you are in a routine,” Lladanosa
   says. But one part of the process is consistently surprising: that moment
   when the results pop up on the screen. “Every time it’s something
   different.” For instance, one cocaine sample she had tested also contained
   phenacetin, a painkiller added to increase the product’s weight;
   lidocaine, an anesthetic that numbs the gums, giving the impression that
   the user is taking higher quality cocaine; and common caffeine.

   The deep web drug lab is the brainchild of Fernando Caudevilla, a Spanish
   physician who is better known as “DoctorX” on the deep web, a nickname
   given to him by his Energy Control co-workers because of his earlier
   writing about the history, risks and recreational culture of MDMA. In the
   physical world, Caudevilla has worked for over a decade with Energy
   Control on various harm reduction focused projects, most of which have
   involved giving Spanish illegal drug users medical guidance, and often
   writing leaflets about the harms of certain substances.

   Fernando Caudevilla, AKA DoctorX. Photo: Joseph Cox

   Caudevilla first ventured into Silk Road forums in April 2013. “I would
   like to contribute to this forum offering professional advice in topics
   related to drug use and health,” he wrote in an introductory post, using
   his DoctorX alias. Caudevilla offered to provide answers to questions that
   a typical doctor is not prepared, or willing, to respond to, at least not
   without a lecture or a judgment. “This advice cannot replace a complete
   face-to-face medical evaluation,” he wrote, “but I know how difficult it
   can be to talk frankly about these things.”

   The requests flooded in. A diabetic asked what effect MDMA has on blood
   sugar; another what the risks of frequent psychedelic use were for a young
   person. Someone wanted to know whether amphetamine use should be avoided
   during lactation. In all, Fernando’s thread received over 50,000 visits
   and 300 questions before the FBI shut down Silk Road.

   “He’s amazing. A gift to this community,” one user wrote on the Silk Road
   2.0 forum, a site that sprang up after the original. “His knowledge is
   invaluable, and never comes with any judgment.” Up until recently,
   Caudevilla answered questions on the marketplace “Evolution.” Last week,
   however, the administrators of that site pulled a scam, shutting the
   market down and escaping with an estimated $12 million worth of Bitcoin.

   Caudevilla’s transition from dispensing advice to starting up a
   no-questions-asked drug testing service came as a consequence of his
   experience on the deep web. He’d wondered whether he could help bring more
   harm reduction services to a marketplace without controls. The Energy
   Control project, as part of its mandate of educating drug users and
   preventing harm, had already been carrying out drug testing for local
   Spanish users since 2001, at music festivals, night clubs, or through a
   drop-in service at a lab in Madrid.

   “I thought, we are doing this in Spain, why don’t we do an international
   drug testing service?” Caudevilla told me when I visited the other Energy
   Control lab, in Madrid. Caudevilla, a stocky character with ear piercings
   and short, shaved hair, has eyes that light up whenever he discusses the
   world of the deep web. Later, via email, he elaborated that it was not a
   hard sell. “It was not too hard to convince them,” he wrote me. Clearly,
   Energy Control believed that the reputation he had earned as an unbiased
   medical professional on the deep web might carry over to the drug analysis
   service, where one needs to establish “credibility, trustworthiness, [and]
   transparency,” Caudevilla said. “We could not make mistakes,” he added.

   Photo: Joseph Cox

   While the Energy Control lab in Madrid lab only tests Spanish drugs from
   various sources, it is the Barcelona location which vets the substances
   bought in the shadowy recesses of of the deep web. Caudevilla no longer
   runs it, having handed it over to his colleague Ana Muñoz. She maintains a
   presence on the deep web forums, answers questions from potential users,
   and sends back reports when they are ready.

   The testing program exists in a legal grey area. The people who own the
   Barcelona lab are accredited to experiment with and handle drugs, but
   Energy Control doesn’t have this permission itself, at least not in
   writing.

   “We have a verbal agreement with the police and other authorities. They
   already know what we are doing,” Lladanosa tells me. It is a pact of
   mutual benefit. Energy Control provides the police with information on
   batches of drugs in Spain, whether they’re from the deep web or not,
   Espinosa says. They also contribute to the European Monitoring Centre for
   Drugs and Drug Addiction’s early warning system, a collaboration that
   attempts to spread information about dangerous drugs as quickly as
   possible.

   By the time of my visit in February, Energy Control had received over 150
   samples from the deep web and have been receiving more at a rate of
   between 4 and 8 a week. Traditional drugs, such as cocaine and MDMA, make
   up about 70 percent of the samples tested, but the Barcelona lab has also
   received samples of the prescription pill codeine, research chemicals and
   synthetic cannabinoids, and even pills of Viagra.

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   So it’s fair to make a tentative judgement on what people are paying for
   on the deep web. The verdict thus far? Overall, drugs on the deep web
   appear to be of much higher quality than those found on the street.

   “In general, the cocaine is amazing,” says Caudevilla, saying that the
   samples they’ve seen have purities climbing towards 80 or 90 percent, and
   some even higher. To get an idea of how unusual this is, take a look at
   the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report 2014, which
   reports that the average quality of street cocaine in Spain is just over
   40 percent, while in the United Kingdom it is closer to 30 percent.“We
   have found 100 percent [pure] cocaine,” he adds. “That’s really, really
   strange. That means that, technically, this cocaine has been purified,
   with clandestine methods.”

   Naturally, identifying vendors who sell this top-of-the-range stuff is one
   of the reasons that people have sent samples to Energy Control. Caudevilla
   was keen to stress that, officially, Energy Control’s service “is not
   intended to be a control of drug quality,” meaning a vetting process for
   identifying the best sellers, but that is exactly how some people have
   been using it.

   As one buyer on the Evolution market, elmo666, wrote to me over the site’s
   messaging system, “My initial motivations were selfish. My primary
   motivation was to ensure that I was receiving and continue to receive a
   high quality product, essentially to keep the vendor honest as far as my
   interactions with them went.”

   Vendors on deep web markets advertise their product just like any other
   outlet does, using flash sales, gimmicky giveaways and promises of drugs
   that are superior to those of their competitors. The claims, however, can
   turn out to be empty: despite the test results that show that deep web
   cocaine vendors typically sell product that is of a better quality than
   that found on the street, in plenty of cases, the drugs are nowhere near
   as pure as advertised.

   “You won’t be getting anything CLOSE to what you paid for,” one user
   complained about the cocaine from ‘Mirkov’, a vendor on Evolution. “He
   sells 65% not 95%.”

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   Despite the prevalence of people using the service to gauge the quality of
   what goes up their nose, many users send samples to Energy Control in the
   spirit of its original mission: keeping themselves alive and healthy. The
   worst case scenario from drugs purchased on the deep web is, well the
   worst case. That was the outcome when Patrick McMullen, a 17-year-old
   Scottish student, ingested half a gram of MDMA and three tabs of LSD,
   reportedly purchased from the Silk Road. While talking to his friends on
   Skype, his words became slurred and he passed out. Paramedics could not
   revive him. The coroner for that case, Sherrif Payne, who deemed the cause
   of death ecstasy toxicity, told The Independent “You never know the purity
   of what you are taking and you can easily come unstuck.”

   ScreamMyName, a deep web user who has been active since the original Silk
   Road, wants to alert users to the dangerous chemicals that are often mixed
   with drugs, and is using Energy Control as a means to do so.

   “We’re at a time where some vendors are outright sending people poison.
   Some do it unknowingly,” ScreamMyName told me in an encrypted message.
   “Cocaine production in South America is often tainted with either
   levamisole or phenacetine. Both poison to humans and both with severe side
   effects.”

   In the case of Levamisole, those prescribing it are often not doctors but
   veterinarians, as Levamisole is commonly used on animals, primarily for
   the treatment of worms. If ingested by humans it can lead to cases of
   extreme eruptions of the skin, as documented in a study from researchers
   at the University of California, San Francisco. But Lladanosa has found
   Levamisole in cocaine samples; dealers use it to increase the product
   weight, allowing them to stretch their batch further for greater
   profit — and also, she says, because Levamisole has a strong stimulant
   effect.

   “It got me sick as fuck,” Dr. Feel, an Evolution user, wrote on the site’s
   forums after consuming cocaine that had been cut with 23 percent
   Levamisole, and later tested by Energy Control. “I was laid up in bed for
   several days because of that shit. The first night I did it, I thought I
   was going to die. I nearly drove myself to the ER.”

   “More people die because of tainted drugs than the drugs themselves,” Dr.
   Feel added. “It’s the cuts and adulterants that are making people sick and
   killing them.”

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   The particular case of cocaine cut with Levamisole is one of the reasons
   that ScreamMyName has been pushing for more drug testing on the deep web
   markets. “I recognize that drug use isn’t exactly healthy, but why
   exacerbate the problem?” he told me when I contacted him after his post.
   “[Energy Control] provides a way for users to test the drugs they’ll use
   and for these very users to know what it is they’re putting in their
   bodies. Such services are in very short supply.”

   After sending a number of Energy Control tests himself, ScreamMyName
   started a de facto crowd-sourcing campaign to get more drugs sent to the
   lab, and then shared the results, after throwing in some cash to get the
   ball rolling. He set up a Bitcoin wallet, with the hope that users might
   chip in to fund further tests. At the time of writing, the wallet has
   received a total of 1.81 bitcoins; around $430 at today’s exchange rates.

   In posts to the Evolution community, ScreamMyName pitched this project as
   something that will benefit users and keep drug dealer honest. “When the
   funds build up to a point where we can purchase an [Energy Control] test
   fee, we’ll do a US thread poll for a few days and try to cohesively decide
   on what vendor to test,” he continued.

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   Other members of the community have been helping out, too. PlutoPete, a
   vendor from the original Silk Road who sold cannabis seeds and other legal
   items, has provided ScreamMyName with packaging to safely send the samples
   to Barcelona. “A box of baggies, and a load of different moisture barrier
   bags,” PlutoPete told me over the phone. “That’s what all the vendors
   use.”

   It’s a modest program so far. ScreamMyName told me that so far he had
   gotten enough public funding to purchase five different Energy Control
   tests, in addition to the ten or so he’s sent himself so far. “The program
   created is still in its infancy and it is growing and changing as we go
   along but I have a lot of faith in what we’re doing,” he says.

   But the spirit is contagious: elmo666, the other deep web user testing
   cocaine, originally kept the results of the drug tests to himself, but he,
   too, saw a benefit to distributing the data. “It is clear that it is a
   useful service to other users, keeping vendors honest and drugs (and their
   users) safe,” he told me. He started to report his findings to others on
   the forums, and then created a thread with summaries of the test results,
   as well as comments from the vendors if they provided it. Other users were
   soon basing their decisions on what to buy on elmo666‘s tests.

   “I’m defo trying the cola based on the incredibly helpful elmo and his
   energy control results and recommendations,” wrote user jayk1984. On top
   of this, elmo666 plans to launch an independent site on the deep web that
   will collate all of these results, which should act as a resource for
   users of all the marketplaces.

   As word of elmo666's efforts spread, he began getting requests from drug
   dealers who wanted him to use their wares for testing. Clearly, they
   figured that a positive result from Energy Control would be a fantastic
   marketing tool to draw more customers. They even offered elmo666 free
   samples. (He passed.)

   Meanwhile, some in the purchasing community are arguing that those running
   markets on the deep web should be providing quality control themselves.
   PlutoPete told me over the phone that he had been in discussions about
   this with Dread Pirate Roberts, the pseudonymous owner of the original
   Silk Road site. “We [had been] talking about that on a more organized
   basis on Silk Road 1, doing lots of anonymous buys to police each
   category. But of course they took the thing [Silk Road] down before we got
   it properly off the ground,” he lamented.

   But perhaps it is best that the users, those who are actually consuming
   the drugs, remain in charge of shaming dealers and warning each other.
   “It’s our responsibility to police the market based on reviews and
   feedback,” elmo666 wrote in an Evolution forum post. It seems that in the
   lawless space of the deep web, where everything from child porn to weapons
   are sold openly, users have cooperated in an organic display of
   self-regulation to stamp out those particular batches of drugs that are
   more likely to harm users.

   “That’s always been the case with the deep web,” PlutoPete told me.
   Indeed, ever since Silk Road, a stable of the drug markets has been the
   review system, where buyers can leave a rating and feedback for vendors,
   letting others know about the reliability of the seller. But DoctorX’s
   lab, rigorously testing the products with scientific instruments, takes it
   a step further.

   Photo by Joan Bardeletti

   “In the white market, they have quality control. In the dark market, it
   should be the same,” Cristina Gil Lladanosa says to me before I leave the
   Barcelona lab.

   A week after I visit the lab, the results of the MDMA arrive in my inbox:
   it is 85 percent pure, with no indications of other active ingredients.
   Whoever ordered that sample from the digital shelves of the deep web, and
   had it shipped to their doorstep in Canada, got hold of some seriously
   good, and relatively safe drugs. And now they know it.

   Top photo by Joan Bardeletti

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